Moving from the central city: features, destinations, causes and consequences of city dwellers' flight

Cities have recently been affected by important changes both as regards their role in general economic growth and their spatial structure. As for the first issue, market globalisation has heightened territorial competition and cities, as places with a concentration of economic activities and workers and potential cradles of innovation, have found a new leading role in determining the future development of the regions and nations they belong to; as for the second issue, improvements in transportation and communication systems have reduced the necessity for proximity, thus leading to a new urban form which has been given many labels (low-density city, scattered city, dispersed city, exploded city, urban sprawl, etc.), but has clearly lost two traditional urban aspects: the territorial concentration of the population and economic activities and the certainty of city boundaries, intended both in physical and administrative terms. The last item is particularly important in territorial contexts, like in Italy, characterised by a large number of small local governments: in fact the spillover of cities from their traditional boundaries has provoked a twofold negative effect, that is, growing difficulties in understanding and in managing urban problems and opportunities. Keeping the described context as a framework, this paper aims to analyse the population movements that affected the chief regional city of Tuscany over a ten-year period (more precisely 1998-2008), in order to deduce their related causes and effects. The model developed was based on microeconomic data and connected the individual characteristics of the people leaving Florence (i.e. age, level of education, family size and composition) to the economic and territorial features of the places of destination (i.e. distance from Florence, real estate prices, social composition and functional mix). This application, based on an ordinarily little used data set, gave statistical evidence to residential choices and some measures of rental effects and search of amenities on urban sprawl. This insight could be reach of political implications. Given the subject-matter, the paper refers both to the literature on causes and patterns of residential mobility and to the one on causes and consequences of urban sprawl.

Heuristics and Biases in Travel Mode Choice

. This study applies experimental methods to analyze travel mode choice. Two different scenarios are considered. In the first scenario, subjects have to decide whether to commute by car or by metro. Metro costs are fixed, while car costs are uncertain and determined by the joint effect of casual events and traffic congestion. In the second scenario, subjects have to decide whether to travel by car or by bus, both modes in which costs are determined by the combination of chance and congestion. Subjects receive feedback information on the actual travel times of both modes. We find that individuals exhibit a marked preference for cars, are inclined to confirm their first choice and demonstrate travel mode stickiness. We conclude that travel mode choice is subject to heuristics and biases that lead to robust deviations from rational choice.travel mode choice, learning, information, heuristics, cognitive biases.

Synthetic Control Group Methods in the Presence of Interference: The Direct and Spillover Effects of Light Rail on Neighborhood Retail Activity

In recent years, Synthetic Control Group (SCG) methods have received great attention from scholars and have been subject to extensions and comparisons with alternative approaches for program evaluation. However, the existing methodological literature mainly relies on the assumption of non-interference. We investigate the use of the SCG method in panel comparative case studies where interference between the treated and the untreated units is plausible. We frame our discussion in the potential outcomes approach. Under a partial interference assumption, we formally define relevant direct and spillover effects. We also consider the "unrealized" spillover effect on the treated unit in the hypothetical scenario that another unit in the treated unit's neighborhood had been assigned to the intervention. Then we investigate the assumptions under which we can identify and estimate the causal effects of interest, and show how they can be estimated using the SCG method. We apply our approach to the analysis of an observational study, where the focus is on assessing direct and spillover causal effects of a new light rail line recently built in Florence (Italy) on the retail density of the street where it was built and of the streets in the treated street's neighborhood

La sanità nel Pnrr. Risorse, governance e offerta di servizi.

Durante l’emergenza da Covid-19, il buon funzionamento dei sistemi sanitari regionali nel nostro Paese è stato messo a dura prova. L’evento pandemico ha dato nuova centralità al tema della salute, rispetto al benessere della popolazione, e al ruolo dell’offerta pubblica per la capacità di risposta agli shock esogeni. In questo contesto, si è inserito il Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (PNRR) che, in particolare, con la missione Salute, ha l’obiettivo complessivo di rafforzare la prevenzione e i servizi sanitari sul territorio, modernizzare e digitalizzare il sistema sanitario e garantire equità di accesso alle cure. Su questi temi il PNRR interviene sia con importanti riforme dell’assetto organizzativo dell’offerta, sia con rilevanti risorse destinate agli investimenti nel settore volti a rafforzare la dotazione infrastrutturale e a riequilibrarla all’interno del territorio nazionale. Nell’ambito della missione Salute, gli enti territoriali, e in particolare le Regioni, compaiono come soggetti attuatori; essi però sono chiamati anche a svolgere funzioni di pianificazione e programmazione e a realizzare molteplici obiettivi

Traffico e Inquinamento: I Danni per la salute dell\u2019Uomo e i Costi Sociali

Il lavoro presenta una rassegna della letteratura sui metodi di stima dei costi sanitari e sociali dei danni alla salute provocati dall\u2019inquinamento dell\u2019aria con particolare attenzione al valore assegnato alla vita umana. Il riferimenti di base \ue8 al Pathway approach, che ripercorre tutto il processo dall\u2019emissione di inquinanti, alla individuazione della popolazione esposta e, quindi, alla definizione degli effetti sulla collettivit\ue0. Dopo una rassegna dei metodi di stima del valore della vita umana, viene presentata una applicazione al caso delle maggiori realt\ue0 toscane stimando i costi sociali e sanitari dovuti all\u2019inquinamento da traffico nei principali centri urbani della regione